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Cliff castles and cave dwellings of Europe / by S. Baring-Go


PREHISTORIC CAVE-DWELLERS
Formation of chalk - Of dolomitic limestone - Where did the first men live - Their Eden in the chalk lands - Migration else-where - Pit dwellings - Civilisation stationary - Troglodytes - Antiquity of man - Les Eyzies - Hôtel du Paradis - The first colonists of the Vézère Valley - Their artistic accomplishments - Painting and sculpture - Rock dwellings in Champagne - Of a later period - Civilisation does not progress uniformly - The earth - Book of the Revelation of the past - La Laugerie Basse - Blandas - Conduché - Grotte de Han - The race of Troglodytes not extinct. 1-29
CHAPTER II
MODERN TROGLODYTES
Troglodytes of the Etang de Berre - The underground town of Og, King of Bashan - Trôo - Sanitation - Ancient mode of disposing of refuse - The talking well - Les Roches - Château de Bandan - Chapel of S. Gervais - La Grotte des Vierges - Rochambeau - Le Roi des Halles - La Roche Corbon - Human refuse at Ezy - Saumur - Are there still pagans among them? - Bourré - Courtineau - The basket-makers of Villaines - Grioteaux - Sauliac - Cuzorn - Brantôme - La Roche Beaucourt - TheSwabian Alb. - Sibyllen loch - Vrena Beutlers Hà¶hle - Schillingsloch - Schlà¶ssberg Hà¶hle - Rock village in Sicily - In the Crimea - In Egypt - In volcanic breccia - Balmes de Montbrun - Grottoes de Boissière - Grottoes de Jonas - The rock Ceyssac - The sand-stone cave-dwellings of Corrèze - Their internal arrangement - Cluseaux - Cave-dwellings in England - In Nottinghamshire - In Staffordshire - In Cornwall - In Scotland - The savage in man - Reversion to savagery - The Gubbins - A stone-cutter - Daniel Gumb - A gentleman of Sens - Toller of Clun Downs. 30-69
CHAPTER III
SOUTERRAINS
Prussian invasion of Bohemia - Adersbach and Wickelsdorf labyrinths - Refuges of the Israelites - Gauls suffocated in caves by Caesar - Armenians by Corbulo - Story of Julius Sabinus - Saracen invasion - The devastation of Aquitaine by Pepin - Rock refuges in Quercy - The Northmen - Persecution of the Albigenses - The cave of Lombrive - The English domination of Guyenne - Two kinds of refuges - Saint Macaire - Alban - Refuge of Château Robin - Exploration - Methods of defence - Souterrain of Fayrolle - Of Saint Gauderic - Of Fauroux - Of Olmie - Aubeterre - Refuges under castles - Enormous number of souterrains in France - Victor Hugo's account of those in Brittany - Refuges resorted to in the time of the European War - Those in Picardy - Gapennes - Some comparatively modern - Condition of the peasantry during the Hundred Years' War - Tyranny of the nobles - Their barbarities - Refuges in Ireland - In England - The Dene Holes - at Chislehurst - At Tilbury - Their origin - Fogous in Cornwall - Refuges in Haddingtonshire - In Egg - Slaughter of the Macdonalds - Refuges in the Isle of Rathlin - Massacre by John Norris - Refuges in Crete - Christians suffocated in one by the Turks - Lamorcière in Algeria. 70-102
CHAPTER IV
CLIFF REFUGES
Distinction between souterrain and cliff refuges - How these latter were reached - Cazelles - Peuch Saint Sour - Story of S. Sour - The Roc d'Aucor - Exploration - How formerly reached - Boundoulaou - Riou Ferrand - Cliff refuge near Brengues - Les Mées - Fadarelles - Puy Labrousse - Soulier-de-Chasteaux - Refuges in Auvergne - Meschers - In Ariège - The Albigenses - Caves in Derbyshire - Reynard's cave - Cotton's cave - John Cann's cave - Elford's cave on Sheep's Tor. 103-116
CHAPTER V
CLIFF CASTLES. THE ROUTIERS
The seigneural castle - Protection sought against the foes without and against the peasant in revolt - Instance of the Château Les Eyzies - Independence of the petty nobles - Condition of the country in France - In Germany - Weakness of the Emperor - The Raubritter - Italy - The nobles brought into the towns - Their towers - Division of the subject - Difference between the English manor-house and the foreign feudal castle - The English in France - The Hundred Years' War - Hopeless condition of the people - The Free Companies - How recruited - Crusade against the Albigenses - Barons no better than Routiers - Death of chivalry - Routiers were rarely Englishmen - Had no scruples as to whom they served - Disregarded treaties - The captains were Gascons or French - The nobles of the south on the English side - Nests in the rock - Depopulation and devastation - Insolence of the Companies - Bigaroque - Roc de Tayac-Corn - Roquefort - Brengues - The Bishop of Cahors dies there - Château du Diable at Cabrerets - Défilé des Anglais - Peyrousse - Les Roches du Tailleurs - Trosky - The scolding women - The English not forgotten in Guyenne. 117-141
CHAPTER VI
CLIFF CASTLES - Continued
The difference between feudal castles and those of the Routiers - Illustration of the character of the nobles - Two Counts of Perigord - The nobles in Auvergne - "Les grands Jours" - La Roche Saint Christophe - Surprised and destroyed - Reoccupied by the Huguenots - Final destruction - La Roche Gageac - Its history - Jean Tarde - Ravages of the Huguenots - Gluges - La Roche Lambert - Habichstein - Bà¼rgstein - The spy - Kronmetz - Covolo - Puxerloch - The shadowless man - Nottingham Castle - Arrest of Mortimer - Outmost castles - La Grotte de Jioux - Clovis crosses the Vienne - Le Gué du Loir - Antoine de Bourbon - Calvin at Saint Saturnin - His cave - La Roche Corail - Cave in which the "Institute of the Christian Religion" was written - Effects produced by this work - Preparation of men's minds for reform - Havoc wrought to art by the Calvinists - La Rochebrune - A cave-colander - Necessity for outlook stations - Frontier fortifications. 142-172
CHAPTER VII
SUBTERRANEAN CHURCHES
Basilicas and catacumbal churches - Preference of the people for the latter - The cult of martyrs encouraged this- Crypts - Elevation of relics - Church of SS. John and Paul on the Coelian Hill - Temples were originally sepulchres - Basilican churches converted into mausoleums - Dedications - Altars of wood changed for altars of stone - At first the bodies of martyrs were not dismembered - But dismemberment was made necessary by the transformation - The Martyrium of Poitiers - S. Emilion - Carvings - Crypt - Aubeterre - A Huguenot stronghold - Orders issued by Jeanne d'Albret - Her extended powers - The monolithic church - Menaced by ruin - Rocamadour - Lirac - Mimet - Caudon - Natural caves used as churches - Gurat - Lanmeur - Story of S. Melor - Dolmen Chapel of the Seven Sleepers - Another at Cangas-de-Ones - Confolens - Subterranean churches in Egypt - In Crete - The sacred caves in Palestine - Revival of cave sanctuaries by the Crusaders - Springs of water in crypts. 173-195
CHAPTER VIII
ROCK HERMITAGES
Tibetian recluses - Christian hermits in Syria and Egypt - The Essenes and Therapeutae - Description by Philo of the latter - Buddhist and Manichaean influence - Difference in motive - Likeness superficial - Possible necessity for the adoption of asceticism - Instance of extravagant asceticism in Syria - Extravagances in Ireland - In England - Early European solitaries - The Beatus Hà¶hle - Grotto of S. Cybard - Decadence - Hermits in Languedoc - In Germany - A grocer hermit - Hermitage at S. Maurice - The Wild Kirchlein - The cave of S. Verena at Soleure - That of Magdalen at Freiburg - Oberstein - Hermitage at Brive - La Sainte Beaume - Sougé - Villiers - Montserrat - Subiaco - La Vernia - Warkworth - Knaresborough - Robin Hood's stable - Roche - Anchor Church - Royston cave - Its carvings - Kindly remembrance of the hermit - The hermit a loss. 196-227
CHAPTER IX
ROCK MONASTERIES
The hermits self-excommunicate - Liability to create a schism - S. Paul - S. Mary of Egypt - S. Anthony - Enormous number of solitaries compels organisation into monasteries - Causes inducing flight to the desert - S. Athanasius at Trèves - Writes the "Life of S. Anthony" - Impulse given to flight from the world in the West - S. Martin - Desires to imitate the Lives of the Fathers of the Desert - At Poitiers - Founds Ligugé - Rock cells - Later history and ruin - Martin becomes Bishop of Tours - Founds Marmoutier - History and ruin - Martin and the masqueraders - Present state - Baptistry - The Seven Sleepers - Brice elected bishop - Obliged to fly the see - Return and penance - Cave of S. Leobard - Abbey of Brantôme - Underground church - Other caves - "Papists'Holes" at Nottingham - Rock monastery Meteora - Der el Adra - Inkermann. 228-245
CHAPTER X
CAVE ORACLES
Polignac - Greek oracles - Charonion - Cave of the Nymphs - Exhalations - Delos - Care of Trophonios - Experiences of Pausanius - Cave at Acharaca - Sibylline oracles - Destruction - Forged oracles - Oracles among the Jews - Story of Hallbjà¶rn - Sounds issuing from caves - Echo - Aeolian cave of Terni - Purgatory of S. Patrick - The Knight Owain - Visit by Sir William Lisle - By a monk of Eymstadt - Prohibited by Alexander VI. - Prohibition rescinded by Pius III. - Destroyed in 1622 - Revival of pilgrimages - Description by Gough - Friar Conrad - Lazarus Aigner - Roderic, King of the Goths - Sortes Sacrae - Condemned by the Church - Nevertheless practised - Instances from Gregory of Tours - Incubation in pagan shrines - The cave of Cybele - Temples of Isis and Esculapius - Churches founded by Constantine dedicated to S. Michael - Incubation practiced in them - Instances - Churches of S. Cosmas and Damian - Practice at Caerleon - Superstition hard to kill - Grotto of Lourdes. 246-268
CHAPTER XI
ROBBERS' DENS
Humphrey Kynaston - His adventurous life - Cave at Ness Cliff - Chinamen - David at Adullam - Bandit caves in Palestine - Lombrive - Surtshellir - Feruiden's cave - Gargas - La Crouzate - The haunts of Grettir - Dunterton - Precaution against burglary - Story of K. F. Masch - His capture - The Leichtweishà¶hle - Adersbach retreats - Babinsky - His capture. 269-294
CHAPTER XII
ROCK SEPULCHRES
Difference between the tombs of the Israelites and those of the Egyptians - The reason for this - Jewish catacombs at Rome - Christian catacombs - Puticoli - Numerous catacombs - Those of Syracuse - Those of Paris - Crypts became vaults for kings and nobles - Desecration - That of Louis XI. - The instinct of immortality - Cave burials - In the Petit Morin - Scandinavian burials - Death regarded as suspended animation - Hervà¶r at the cairn of Angantyr - The cairn-breaking of Gest - The barrow of Gunnar - Sigrun visits her husband in his cairn - The story of Asmund and Asvid - The same ideas in Christian times - Mamertinus and Corcodemus - "De Miraculis Mortuorum" - Ancestor worship - Persistence of usages derived from a remote antiquity - Neglect of thought of the dead - Double nature of man - The spiritual world - A walking postman -

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